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A cancer that arises in specific nerve tissues.

Wilms tumor, also called nephroblastoma, is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects young children, most often between ages 3 and 4. It is the most common kidney cancer in children. After age 5, Wilms tumor becomes much less common, though it can rarely occur in older children and adults. In most cases, Wilms tumor affects only one kidney, but in some children it can occur in both kidneys at the same time. Thanks to major advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for Wilms tumor is generally very good, and most children can be cured with appropriate therapy. Symptoms Symptoms vary widely. Some children have no noticeable symptoms, while others may experience: A palpable mass or lump in the abdomen Abdominal swelling Abdominal pain Other possible symptoms include: Fever Blood in the urine Anemia (low red blood cell count) High blood pressure When to see a doctor Contact your child’s healthcare provider if you notice: A persistent abdominal mass or swelling Blood in the urine Unexplained pain or fever Wilms tumor is rare, and these symptoms are often caused by other conditions, but it’s important to investigate any concerns promptly. Causes The exact cause of Wilms tumor is not known. Cancer begins when cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. These changes cause kidney cells to grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumor. In rare cases, inherited genetic changes passed from parents to children may increase risk. Risk factors Factors that increase the risk of Wilms tumor include: Race: Slightly higher risk in Black children; lower risk in Asian-American children Family history of Wilms tumor Certain congenital conditions are also associated with higher risk: Aniridia (partial or absent iris) Hemihypertrophy (one side of the body larger than the other) Wilms tumor may occur as part of rare genetic syndromes, such as: WAGR syndrome Denys–Drash syndrome Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome Prevention Wilms tumor cannot be prevented. For children with known risk factors or associated genetic conditions, healthcare providers may recommend regular kidney ultrasounds. While screening does not prevent cancer, it can help detect Wilms tumor early, when treatment outcomes are best.

What Is a Brain Aneurysm? A brain aneurysm, also called a cerebral aneurysm, is a bulge or balloon-like swelling that forms in a weakened area of an artery in the brain. Over time, pressure from blood flow can cause this weakened section of the vessel wall to expand. Brain aneurysms vary in size and risk. Many never cause symptoms, while others can rupture and become life-threatening. Types of Brain Aneurysms Unruptured Brain Aneurysm Most brain aneurysms do not rupture. Many remain undetected for years and cause no symptoms unless they grow large enough to press on nearby nerves or brain tissue. Ruptured Brain Aneurysm In a smaller number of cases, an aneurysm can rupture, leading to bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). This is a medical emergency and can result in permanent brain damage or death. The risk of rupture is higher in women and people over 40 years of age. Symptoms of a Brain Aneurysm Symptoms of an Unruptured Brain Aneurysm Most unruptured aneurysms cause no symptoms. However, if an aneurysm enlarges and compresses nearby structures, symptoms may include: Sudden changes in vision (blurred, double vision, or vision loss) Pain above or behind one eye Dilated pupil(s) Drooping eyelid Weakness or paralysis on one side of the face Difficulty speaking Symptoms of a Ruptured Brain Aneurysm The hallmark symptom of a ruptured aneurysm is a sudden, severe headache, often described as the “worst headache of my life” (also known as a thunderclap headache). Other symptoms may include: Nausea and vomiting Sensitivity to light Neck stiffness or pain Seizures Confusion or disorientation Loss of consciousness or brief blackouts 🚨 Seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms occur. A persistent headache lasting days or weeks may also indicate a leaking aneurysm and should be urgently evaluated. What Causes a Brain Aneurysm? Brain aneurysms develop due to a weakened or defective artery wall, although the exact cause is not always known. Contributing factors may include: Degenerative changes related to aging High blood pressure Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits) Aneurysms most commonly form in large arteries at the base of the brain or at branching points where vessel walls are naturally weaker. Risk Factors for Brain Aneurysms Several factors increase the likelihood of developing a brain aneurysm: Family history (especially first-degree relatives) Genetic connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome Congenital conditions, including polycystic kidney disease, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and coarctation of the aorta High blood pressure (hypertension) Smoking Excessive alcohol consumption Drug use, particularly cocaine Severe head injury Certain infections (rare, but can cause mycotic aneurysms) Increasing age, especially over 40 Female gender Complications and Related Conditions An unruptured aneurysm can increase pressure inside the skull. If rupture occurs, bleeding disrupts normal blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain, potentially leading to: Hemorrhagic stroke Permanent brain damage Coma Death Other serious complications include: Re-bleeding, causing further brain injury Vasospasm, narrowing blood vessels and increasing stroke risk Hydrocephalus, a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid causing pressure on the brain Hyponatremia, dangerous sodium imbalance leading to brain swelling Seizures, due to electrical disturbances in the brain Can Brain Aneurysms Be Prevented? There is no guaranteed way to prevent brain aneurysms. However, the risk can be reduced through healthy lifestyle choices: Quit smoking Avoid recreational drugs Control high blood pressure Limit alcohol and caffeine intake Maintain a balanced, low-salt diet Exercise regularly Maintain a healthy weight